Programmers have been trying to devise a method of making machines process natural language since long before Tim Berners-Lee talked about achieving a Web that implemented such technology – indeed, from around his birth in 1955.

Alan Turing, in 1950, published “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, which opened by posing the question, “Can machines think?”. In that work, he introduced his “Turing Test”, which remains the most widely accepted metric for gauging artificial intelligence to date.
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